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impact_of_strongback_on_structure_w

abolghasem

2024

Abolghasemi, S.; Wierschem, N.E.; and Denavit, M.D., “Impact of strongback on structure with varying damper and stiffness irregularity arrangements,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 213, 2024.

development_of_small_scale_buckling

wierschema

2023

Wierschem, N.E.; Kirk, L.; and Denavit, M.D., “Development of small-scale buckling-restrained brace analog for physical experiments of structural systems,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 205, 2023.

performance_of_structures_with_clut

talleyaaaa

2023

Talley, P. C.; Sarkar, A. T. Wierschem, N.E.; and Denavit, M.D., “Performance of structures with clutch inerter dampers subjected to seismic excitation,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2023.

proportioning_energy_dissipating_me

talleyaaaa

2023

Talley, P. C.; Denavit, M.D.; and Wierschem, N.E., “Proportioning energy-dissipating members in strongback braced frames,” Annual Stability Conference (ASC) / NASCC: The Steel Conference, Charlotte, NC, USA, April 12 – 14, 2023.

experimental_investigation_of_a_var

sarkaraaaa

2023

Sarkar, A.T. and Wierschem, N.E., “Experimental Investigation of a Variable Inertia Rotational Mechanism,” 41st International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), Austin, TX, USA, February 13 – 16, 2023.

optimization_of_the_variable_inerti

sarkaraaaa

2022

Sarkar, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Optimization of the Variable Inertia Rotational Mechanism using Machine Learning,” 8th World Conference on Structural Control and Monitoring, Orlando, FL, USA, June 5 – 8, 2022.

vibration_mitigation_using_an_inert

abolghasem

2022

Abolghasemi, S.S.; Wierschem, N.E.; and Knight, J.B., “Vibration mitigation using an inerter-based isolation system,” Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2022, (Dynamics Committee Student Paper Competition), Baltimore, MD, USA, May 31 – June 3, 2022.

design_and_performance_evaluation_o

talleyaaaa

2021

Talley, P. C.; Javidialesaadi, A. Wierschem, N.E.; and Denavit, M.D., “Evaluation of steel building structures with inerter-based dampers under seismic loading,” Engineering Structures, 2021.

design_and_performance_evaluation_o

javidiales

2021

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Design and performance evaluation of inerter-based tuned mass dampers for a ground acceleration excited structure,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 140, 106463, 2021.

passive_control_of_nonlinear_single

sarkaraaaa

2021

Sarkar, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Evaluation of the added mass effect of nonlinear rotational inertial mechanisms in single-degree-of-freedom structures,” Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2021, (Dynamics Committee Student Paper Competition), May 25 – 28, 2021.

displacement_mitigation_oriented_de

zhaoaaaaaa

2020

Zhao, Z.; Zhang, R.; Wierschem, N.E.; Jiang, Y.; Pan, C., “Displacement-mitigation-oriented design and mechanism for inerter-based isolation system,” Journal of Vibration and Control, 2020.

dynamic_analysis_of_track_nonlinear

wangaaaaaa

2020

Wang, J.; Wang, B.; Wierschem, N.E.; and Spencer B. F. Jr., “Dynamic analysis of track nonlinear energy sinks subjected to simple and stochastic excitations,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 49(9), 863-883, 2020.

numerical_study_of_the_symmetric_si

liaaaaaaaa

2020

Li, W.; Wierschem, N.E.; Li, X.; Yang, T.; and Brennan, M.J., “Numerical Study of the Symmetric Single-Sided Vibro-Impact Nonlinear Energy Sink for Rapid Response Reduction of a Cantilever Beam,” Nonlinear Dynamics, 100(2), 951-971, 2020.

simulating_offset_blast_loads_exper

wierschema

2020

Wierschem, N.E.; Luo, J.; Wilcoski, J.; Hubbard, S.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; McFarland, D.M.; Quinn, D.D.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A. “Simulating offset blast loads experimentally using shake-table-generated ground motions: Method development and validation,” Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 27(2), 2020.

multi_objective_design_and_performa

wangaaaaaa

2020

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Wang, B.; and Spencer B. F. Jr., “Multi-objective design and performance investigation of a high-rise building with track nonlinear energy sinks,” The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 29(2), 2020.

enhanced_base_isolation_system_util

wierschema

2020

Wierschem, N.E. and Javidialesaadi, A., “Enhanced base isolation system utilizing one-directional rotational inertia supplement devices,” Proceedings of the 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sendai, Japan, 2020.

influence_of_state_switching_rotati

javidiales

2020

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Influence of state-switching rotational inertia dampers on the natural frequencies and response of structures,” 38th International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), Houston, TX, USA, February 10-13, 2020.

numerical_study_of_a_single-sided_v

liaaaaaaaa

2019

Li, W.; Wierschem, N.E.; Li, X.; Yang, T.; and Brennan, M.J., “Numerical study of a single-sided vibro-impact track nonlinear energy sink considering horizontal and vertical dynamics,” Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 141(6), 2019.

energy_transfer_and_passive_control

javidiales

2019

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Energy Transfer and Passive Control of Single-degree-of-freedom Structures using a One-directional Rotational Inertia Viscous Damper,” Engineering Structures, 12, 2019.

an_inerter-enhanced_nonlinear_energ

javidiales

2019

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “An Inerter-enhanced nonlinear energy sink,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 129, 449-454, 2019.

passive_control_of_nonlinear_single

javidiales

2019

Javidialesaadi, A.; Wierschem, N.E.; and Denavit, M.D., “Passive control of nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom structures utilizing tuned mass damper-inerter,” Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2019, (Dynamics Committee Student Paper Competition), Pasadena, CA, USA, June 18 – 21, 2019.

response_of_a_SDOF_system_with_an_i

javidiales

2019

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Response of a SDOF system with an inerter-based tuned mass damper subjected to non-stationary random excitation,” 37th International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), Orlando, FL, USA, January 28-31, 2019.

accelerated_innovation_development_

jonesaaaaa

2019

Jones, T.W. and Wierschem, N.E., “Accelerated Innovation Development of Laser Metrology for Steel Bridge Fabrication,” 2019.

on_the_energy_transfer_mechanism_of

liaaaaaaaa

2018

Li, W.; Wierschem, N.E.; Li, X.; and Yang, T., “On the energy transfer mechanism of the single-sided vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 437, 166-179, 2018.

three-element_vibration_absorber-in

javidiales

2018

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Three-element vibration absorber-inerter for passive control of single-degree-of-freedom structures,” Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 140(6), 2018.

optimal_design_of_rotational_inerti

javidiales

2018

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Optimal design of rotational inertial double tuned mass dampers under random excitation,” Engineering Structures, 165, 412-421, 2018.

passive_structural_control_using_a_

javidiales

2018

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Passive Structural Control using a One-way Rotational Inertia Damper,” 7th World Conference on Structural Control and Monitoring, Qingdao, China, July 22-25, 2018.

decentralized_h2_optimization_of_ro

javidiales

2018

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Decentralized H2 Optimization of Rotational Inertia Double-tuned Mass Dampers,” Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2018, (SHMC Student Paper Competition), Cambridge, MA, USA, May 29 – June 1, 2018.

numerical_study_of_the_vibration_su

liaaaaaaaa

2018

Li, W.; Wierschem, N.E.; Li, X.; and Yang, T., “Numerical study of the vibration suppression performance of a single-sided vibro-impact track nonlinear energy sink considering base structure vertical dynamics,” Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2018, (SHMC Student Paper Competition), Cambridge, MA, USA, May 29 – June 1, 2018.

a_numerical_investigation_of_a_grav

ramseyaaaa

2018

Ramsey, R. and Wierschem, N.E., “A Numerical Investigation of a Gravity-Compensated Nonlinear Energy Sink for the Passive Control of Flooring Systems,” 36th International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), Orlando, FL, USA, February 12—15, 2018.

bump_at_the_end_of_the_bridge_revie

shortaaaaa

2018

Short, T.; Wierschem, N.E.; Denavit, M.; and Bennett, R.M., “Bump at the End of the Bridge: Review and Analysis of Rider Discomfort,” 2018.

response_attenuation_in_a_large_sca

wierschema

2017

Wierschem, N.E..; Hubbard, S.; Luo, J.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; McFarland, D.M.; Quinn, D.D.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A. “Response attenuation in a large-scale structure subjected to blast excitation utilizing a system of essentially nonlinear vibration absorbers,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 389, 52-72, 2017.

numerical_and_experimental_investig

alsudeifat

2017

Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Wierschem, N.E.; Bergman, L.A.; and Vakakis, A.F. “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Rotating Nonlinear Energy Sink,” Meccanica, 52(4–5), 763–779, 2017.

seismic_performance_evaluation_of_i

javidiales

2017

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Seismic performance evaluation of inerter-based tuned mass dampers,” 3rd Huixian International Forum on Earthquake Engineering for Young Researchers, Urbana, IL, USA, August 11-12, 2017.

passive_control_of_the_vibration_of

ramseyaaaa

2017

Ramsey, R. and Wierschem, N.E., “Passive Control of the Vibration of Flooring Systems using a Gravity Compensated Non-Linear Energy Sink,” The 13th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan, July 22-23, 2017

robust_passive_floor_vibration_miti

ramseyaaaa

2017

Ramsey, R. and Wierschem, N.E., “Robust passive floor vibration mitigation using a gravity compensated nonlinear energy sink,” Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2017, San Diego, CA, USA, June 4-7, 2017. (Abstract Only)

extending_the_fixed_points_techniqu

javidiales

2017

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Extending the fixed-points technique for optimum design of rotational inertial tuned mass dampers,” 35th International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC), Garden Grove, CA, USA, January 30 – February 2, 2017.

column_buckling_demonstration_model

ohstromaaa

2017

Ohstrom, K.; Denavit, M.; and Wierschem, N.E., “Column Buckling Demonstration Model,” 2017.

numerical_and_experimental_study_of

wangaaaaaa

2016

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr.; and Lu, X., “Numerical and experimental study of the performance of a single-sided vibro-impact track nonlinear energy sink“, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 45(4), 635–652, 2016.

Wang, J.; Lu, X., Wierschem, N.E.; and Spencer B. F. Jr., “Response enhancement of a 32-story building structure using two types of track nonlinear energy sinks”, The 12th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technology (ANCRiSST2016). Cambridge, UK, June 27-30, 2016.

response_enhancement_of_a_32_story_

wangaaaaaa

2016

mitigation_of_structural_response_d

javidiales

2016

Javidialesaadi, A. and Wierschem, N.E., “Mitigation of Structural Response Due to Near-Field Seismic Ground Motion Using an Optimized Innovative Rotational Inertia Damping Device,” Student Paper Competition of ASCE EMI SHMC Committee, Engineering Mechanics Institute Conference 2016, Nashville, TN, USA, May 22-25, 2016.

experimental_study_of_track_nonline

wangaaaaaa

2015

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr.; and Lu, X., “Experimental Study of Track Nonlinear Energy Sinks for Dynamic Response Reduction”, Engineering Structures, 94, 9-15, 2015.

track_nonlinear_energy_sink_for_the

wangaaaaaa

2015

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr.; and Lu, X., “Track Nonlinear Energy Sink for the Rapid Response Reduction in Building Structures,” ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 141(1), 2015.

development_of_the_usace_automated_

treeceaaaa

2015

Treece, Z.; Smith, M.; Wierschem, N.E.; Sweeney, S.; and Spencer, B. F. Jr. “Development of the USACE Automated SMART Gate System for Lock Gates: Part 1 – Structural Monitoring and Analysis in Real Time for Gates,” International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring 2015. Stanford, CA, September 1-3, 2015.

experimental_study_of_track_nonline

wangaaaaaa

2015

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr; and Lu, X., “Experimental study of track nonlinear energy sinks for seismic reduction,” The 5th Tongji-UBC symposium on Earthquake Engineering – Facing Earthquake Challenges Together, Tongji University Shanghai, China, May 4-8 2015.

large_scale_experimental_evaluation

luoaaaaaaa

2014

Luo, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Hubbard, S.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Large-Scale Experimental Evaluation of A System of Nonlinear Energy Sinks for Seismic Mitigation,” Engineering Structures, 77, 34 – 48, 2014.

design_simulation_and_large_scale_t

luoaaaaaaa

2014

Luo, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Design, simulation and large-scale testing of an innovative vibration mitigation device employing essentially nonlinear elastomeric springs,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(12), 2014.

experimental_testing_and_numerical_

wierschema

2014

Wierschem, N.E.; Luo, J.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Hubbard, S.; Ott, R.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A. “Experimental Testing and Numerical Simulation of a Six-Story Structure Incorporating a Two Degree of Freedom Nonlinear Energy Sink,” ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 140(6), 2014.

realization_of_a_strongly_nonlinear

luoaaaaaaa

2014

Luo, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Bergman, L.A.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; McFarland, D.M.; Quinn, D.D.; and Vakakis, A.F. “Realization of a Strongly Nonlinear Shock Mitigation Device using Elastomeric Bumpers,” ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 140(5), 2014.

model_based_multi_metric_control_of

phillipsaa

2014

Phillips, B.M.; Wierschem, N.E.; and Spencer Jr., B.F., “Model-based multi-metric control of uniaxial shake tables,” Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43, 681–699, 2014.

example_mesh_discretization_study_l

wierschema

2014

Wierschem, N.E.; Smith, M. D.; Sweeney, S. C.; and Spencer Jr., B.F., “Example Mesh Discretization Study: Lock 27 Miter Gate FEM Model,” US Army Corps of Engineers Tech. Note, (Submitted September, 2014)

enhancement_of_a_building_structure

wangaaaaaa

2014

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr; and Lu, X., “Enhancement of a building structure using a single-sided vibro-impact nonlinear energy sink,” 1st Joint Workshop on Building / Civil Engineering between Tongji and Tokyo Tech. Tokyo, Japan, August 5-7, 2014.

experimental_investigation_of_a_rot

wierschema

2014

Wierschem, N.E.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A. “Experimental Investigation of a Rotational Nonlinear Energy Sink for Shock Mitigation” Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Buffalo, New York, USA, August 17-20, 2014.

experimental_evaluation_of_multiple

wierschema

2014

Wierschem, N.E.; Hubbard, S.; Luo, J.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Experimental Evaluation of Multiple Nonlinear Energy Sinks Coupled to a Large Nine-story Frame Structure for Seismic Hazard Mitigation,” 5th Conference on Nonlinear Vibrations, Localization and Energy Transfer, Istanbul, Turkey, July 2-4, 2014.

numerical_and_experimental_investig

alsudeifat

2013

Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Wierschem, N.E.; Quinn, D.D.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A.; and Spencer Jr., B.F. “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Highly Effective Single-Sided Vibro-Impact Nonlinear Energy Sink for Shock Mitigation,” International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 52, 96-109, 2013.

structural_logic_tailoring_stiffnes

wierschema

2013

Wierschem, N.E.; Luo, J.; Hubbard, S.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Structural Logic: Tailoring Stiffness and Damping of Large Scale Structures via Passive Nonlinear Targeted Energy Transfer,” Final Report: Grant No. HR0011-10-1-0077, DARPA Strategic Technology Office, 2013.

track_nonlinear_energy_sinks_for_im

wangaaaaaa

2013

Wang, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr; and Lu, X. “Track Nonlinear Energy Sinks for Impulsive Response Reduction.” In Proceedings of ANCRISST 2013 – The 9th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Structures and Technology. Ulsan, Korea, July 18-21, 2013.

synergistic_combination_of_multiple

wierschema

2013

Wierschem, N.E.; Luo, J.; Hubbard, S.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Synergistic combination of multiple nonlinear energy sinks in a large-scale building structure subjected to seismic ground motion,” Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vienna, Austria, August 28-30, 2013.

a_large_scale_test_structure_with_m

luoaaaaaaa

2013

Luo, J.; Wierschem, N.E.; Hubbard, S.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “A Large-Scale Test Structure with Multiple Nonlinear Energy Sinks for Shake Table Testing under Seismic Excitation,” Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vienna, Austria, August 28-30, 2013.

experimental_blast_testing_of_a_lar

wierschema

2013

Wierschem, N.E.; Hubbard, S.; Luo, J.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Experimental blast testing of a large 9-story structure equipped with a system of nonlinear energy sinks,” Proceedings of the ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC/CIE 2013. Portland, Oregon, USA, August 4-7, 2013.

experimental_testing_of_a_large_9_s

wierschema

2013

Wierschem, N.E.; Hubbard, S.; Luo, J.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Experimental testing of a large 9-story structure equipped with multiple nonlinear energy sinks subjected to impulsive loading,” Proceedings of the 2013 Structures Congress. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, May 2-4, 2013.

passive_damping_enhancement_of_a_tw

wierschema

2012

Wierschem, N.E.; Quinn, D.D.; Hubbard, S.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Luo, J.; McFarland, D.M.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Vakakis, A.F.; Bergman, L.A.; and Spencer Jr., B.F. “Passive Damping Enhancement of a Two-degree-of-freedom System Through a Strongly Nonlinear Two-degree-of-freedom Attachment,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, 331(25), 5393-5407, 2012.

equivalent_modal_damping_stiffening

quinnaaaaa

2012

Quinn, D.D.; Hubbard, S.; Wierschem, N.E.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Ott, R.J.; Luo, J.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; McFarland, D.M.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A., “Equivalent modal damping, stiffening, and energy exchanges in multi-degree-of-freedom systems with strongly nonlinear attachments,” Journal of Multi-Body Dynamics, 226(2), 122-146, 2012.

simulation_and_testing_of_a_6_Story

wierschema

2012

Wierschem, N.E.; Luo, J.; Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Hubbard, S.; Ott, R.; Fahnestock, L.A.; Quinn, D.D.; McFarland, D.M.; Spencer Jr., B.F.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A. “Simulation and Testing of a 6-Story Structure Incorporating a coupled two Mass Nonlinear Energy Sink,” Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Chicago, USA, August 12-15, 2012.

numerical_and_experimental_investig

alsudeifat

2012

Al-Sudeifat, M.A.; Wierschem, N.E.; Quinn, D.D.; Vakakis, A.F.; and Bergman, L.A.; and Spencer Jr., B.F. “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a New Nonlinear Energy Sink for Passive shock Mitigation,” Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Chicago, USA, August 12-15, 2012.

model_based_control_of_shake_tables

phillipsaa

2012

Phillips, B.M.; Wierschem, N.E.; and Spencer Jr., B.F., “Model-Based Control of Shake Tables with Multi-Metric Feedback,” International Conference on Earthquake Engineering Research. Harbin, China, May 18-21, 2012.

numerical_study_of_nonlinear_energy

wierschema

2011

Wierschem, N.E.; Spencer B. F. Jr; Bergman, L.A.; and Vakakis. A.F. “Numerical Study of Nonlinear Energy Sinks for Seismic Response Reduction,” In Proceedings of ANCRISST 2011 – The Sixth International Workshop on Advanced Smart Structures and Technology. Dalian, China, July 25-26, 2011.

superelastic_sma_frp_omposite_reinf

wierschema

2010

Wierschem, N.E. and Andrawes, B. “Superelastic SMA–FRP composite reinforcement for concrete structures,” Smart Materials and Structures, 19(2), 1-13, 2010.

active_confinement_of_reinforced_co

andrawesaa

2010

Andrawes, B.; Shin, G.; and Wierschem, N.E.Active Confinement of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns using Shape Memory Alloys,” ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, 15(1), 81-89, 2010.